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Providing useful feedback to police officers, especially patrol officers, is complicated by three major issues.
The work of the patrol officer is extremely complex, requiring the flexibility to apply different responses to almost every citizen problem that officers encounter (Bittner, 1970; Lipsky, 1980; Manning, 1977).
A typical sergeant in the patrol division of a law enforcement agency must supervise a squad of patrol officers who are deployed across many square miles of terri- tory in motor vehicles.
Wilson (1968) suggested that the focus of patrol officers is on protecting themselves and fighting crime, whereas the focus of police administrators is on risk management and protecting the reputation of the agency.
"street cops" and "manage- ment cops" as one marked by cynicism and suspicion on the part of patrol officers (Crank, 1998; Manning, 1977; Reuss-Ianni, 1983; Van Maanen,1974, 1975; Waddington, 1999; Wilson, 1968).
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